{"id":1907,"date":"2020-05-01T17:00:04","date_gmt":"2020-05-01T15:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vaia.eu\/biodiversity-loss-and-the-spread-of-epidemics\/"},"modified":"2023-03-24T12:38:05","modified_gmt":"2023-03-24T11:38:05","slug":"biodiversity-loss-and-the-spread-of-epidemics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vaia.eu\/en\/biodiversity-loss-and-the-spread-of-epidemics\/","title":{"rendered":"Biodiversity loss and the spread of epidemics"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Recent months\u2019 developments are testing our most ingrained habits<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, along with the production systems we rely on to provide for our needs and desires. The phenomenon, which had been announced by some, has lashed the world at high speed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the <\/span><b>origins and potential causes of COVID-19<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (acronym for COronaVIrus Disease 19) that have been floated in the last weeks, amid the incessant rhythm of daily bulletins, you probably have lost track already.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is not easy to pinpoint the root cause of a phenomenon as volatile and complex as an epidemic. However, it is possible to collect a variety of evidence accumulated over time to shed light on the more general <\/span><b>relationship between the loss of biodiversity and the outbreak of epidemics<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that affect us closely. Whether COVID-19 fully falls into this category is yet to be seen, yet this cannot be an excuse to avoid acting on what we have already learned.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Paving the way for the virus: a matter of habitat<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mario Tozzi \u2013 a geologist, member of the Italian WWF scientific council and researcher at the CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche)\u00a0 \u2013 has <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.deejay.it\/articoli\/deforestazione-e-pandemie-mario-tozzi-la-foresta-e-il-nostro-migliore-antivirus\/?ncid=fcbklnkithpmg00000001&amp;ref=fbph&amp;fbclid=IwAR2w-x7VYz_kPk-0fdNEkVfZfSSBE0jbOL_3Qo_c0muQ0DqDlH0tasxVTfA\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">recently<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> put forward a rather simple thesis: the bat, an animal designated by the World Health Organisation as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200221-sitrep-32-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=4802d089_2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the first link in the chain of contagion<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, has been ejected from natural habitat due to<\/span><b> massive deforestation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, thus moving closer to farm animals and man-made sites, the epicentres of the current pandemic.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-222287 alignnone size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vaia.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/habitat.jpg\" alt=\"habitat\" width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The way COVID-19 has apparently developed is far from new: cases of <\/span><b>zoonosis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, i.e. the transfer of diseases from animals to humans, amount to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2020\/mar\/18\/tip-of-the-iceberg-is-our-destruction-of-nature-responsible-for-covid-19-aoe\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">an estimated three quarters of new or emerging diseases<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). If this transmission link appears to be so well established, it may be useful to investigate what conditions facilitate its activation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to what has been <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/117\/8\/3888\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by a team led by Italian Moreno Di Marco, <\/span><b>the gradual approach of human activities close to uncontaminated areas can favour the expansion of an epidemic in two ways<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by reducing the distance between humans and wildlife, it increases the risk of contagion between humans and\/or livestock and wild animals;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by altering the original composition of wildlife communities, it changes the balance that regulates pathogens naturally associated with each species.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let us keep the first point in the background, and consider what has been the initial, now symbolic site of the pandemic: the <\/span><b>Wuhan animal market<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Only <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TPpoJGYlW54&amp;feature=emb_logo\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">video footage<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can adequately convey the concentration of animal species in similar places, where the distance between man and animal has been reduced to a minimum. Even the most stringent sanitary measures would struggle to break the chain of contagion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As for the second point, <\/span><b>the disruption of ecological equilibria undermines ecosystems\u2019 capacity to contain specific viruses and bacteria<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, exposing new populations \u2013 including humans \u2013 to microorganisms against which they have developed no defence.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A key thesis is that the reduction in the number of \u201ccarrier\u201d animal species, such as birds and bats, favours the strengthening of pathogens among the remaining ones, since the decrease in genetic diversity gives these microorganisms the opportunity to strengthen themselves by mixing with each other, as well to increase their absolute concentration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/jembendell.com\/2020\/03\/23\/the-climate-for-corona-our-warming-world-is-more-vulnerable-to-pandemic\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to Jem Bendell<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Professor of Sustainable Leadership at the University of Cambria (UK) and environmental activist, the <\/span><b>global decline in insect numbers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the main cause of which has been traced to the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0006320718313636\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">conversion of land to intensive agriculture<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, has affected bat migration, forcing bats to head for the farms of species that have proved to be intermediate carriers. In the case of bats, food shortages also lower their immune defences, exposing them to more viruses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-222289 alignnone size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vaia.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/pipistrelli-ecosistema.jpg\" alt=\"pipistrelli ecosistema\" width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is more. Deforestation and agricultural land conversion in Malaysia have been acknowledged since the early 2000s as catalysts for the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/disease\/nipah\/en\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nipah virus<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, another zoonotic disease monitored by the World Health Organisation. The evidence has been picked up by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/2018\/02\/ar4-wg2-chapter8-1.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IPCC reports<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and subsequently followed by prescient warnings: \u201cthe presence of a large reservoir of Sars-CoV type viruses in Rhinolophus bat species, together with the culture of eating exotic animals in southern China, is a ticking time bomb\u201d. We are in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cmr.asm.org\/content\/cmr\/20\/4\/660.full.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2007<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If there is one message that emerges clearly, it is the following: <\/span><b>we are creating habitats where viruses can be transmitted more easily<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Epidemics and climate change: a frailer link<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although the reduction in biodiversity is often included under the broad umbrella of \u201cclimate change\u201d, a more careful analysis demands that we look at rising temperatures, and <\/span><b>these do show any significant relationship with epidemics<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at the moment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A fascinating hypothesis is that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/jembendell.com\/2020\/03\/23\/the-climate-for-corona-our-warming-world-is-more-vulnerable-to-pandemic\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rising average temperatures allow the virus to adapt to new conditions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making our main defence strategy \u2013 fever \u2013 progressively less effective. The near future may hold some scientific evidence in this regard.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change (CMCC) takes a more conservative stance, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.climateforesight.eu\/future-earth\/what-science-has-to-say-about-the-coronavirus-climate-crisis-connection-a-press-review\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ruling out a direct link between rising temperatures and epidemic risks<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The Centre suggests instead that <\/span><b>climate change should be thought of as a \u201c<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/KHayhoe\/status\/1239583948126093312\"><b>risk multiplier<\/b><\/a><b>\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: the indirect effects of climate change, including the reduction in biodiversity, amplify the risk of exposure to contagions, for the reasons we have just seen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While COVID-19 has been linked to the effect of pollution on chronic and acute respiratory problems (see recent contributions <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0269749120320601?via%3Dihub\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/projects.iq.harvard.edu\/covid-pm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), it is perhaps less well known that <\/span><b>atmospheric particulate matter acts as a transport vector for viruses<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> themselves. A <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/d24qi7hsckwe9l.cloudfront.net\/downloads\/covid19_position_paper.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">recently elaborated map<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> shows an effective application to the Italian case.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-222297 alignnone size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vaia.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/inquinamento-atmosferico-1.jpg\" alt=\"inquinamento atmosferico\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1200\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In sum, <\/span><b>there has been no shortage of warnings regarding the advent of epidemics<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> such as the one we\u2019re currently in; often, they have referred to our relationship with the environment. Among other things, today\u2019s health crisis may well reveal our inability to systematise evidence gathered over time. We can draw some hope from the birth of \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2020\/mar\/18\/tip-of-the-iceberg-is-our-destruction-of-nature-responsible-for-covid-19-aoe\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">planetary health<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d, a discipline that aims at studying connections between human wellbeing, living beings and the ecosystem.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The various forecasts that we have pointed to in the last paragraphs show that despite the uncertainty shrouding the origins of the pandemic, our relationship with Nature remains something to be confronted, in a search for profound transformations. &#8220;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ilmanifesto.it\/covid-19-non-torniamo-alla-normalita-la-normalita-e-il-problema\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We won\u2019t return to normality, because normality was the problem<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;, say those who look at the future while rooting themselves in reality. <\/span><b>Preserving the biodiversity we have inherited<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is undoubtedly one of the most pressing and neglected challenges of our times.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Recent months\u2019 developments are testing our most ingrained habits, along with the production systems we rely on to provide for our needs and desires. The phenomenon, which had been announced by some, has lashed the world at high speed. Of the origins and potential causes of COVID-19 (acronym for COronaVIrus Disease 19) that have been [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":673,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_crdt_document":"","content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[56],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1907","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-sustainability"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Biodiversity loss and the spread of epidemics | VAIA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vaia.eu\/en\/biodiversity-loss-and-the-spread-of-epidemics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Biodiversity loss and the spread of epidemics | VAIA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Recent months\u2019 developments are testing our most ingrained habits, along with the production systems we rely on to provide for our needs and desires. 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